St. Augustine Confessions

St. Augustine’s Confessions St. Augustine lived during a period in which the Roman Empire was in deep decline and Christianity was taking root as the official religion. It was a time of great political stress and widespread religious concern. The Confessions reveals much about his formative years, when he strove to overcome his sensual desires, find faith, and understand religious and philosophical doctrines. Augustine treats this autobiography as much more than an opportunity to narrate his life, however, and there is hardly an event mentioned in his autobiography that does not have an accompanying religious or philosophical clarification. St. Augustine’s confessions also provide one with a critical aspect of the Christian Bible. Augustine’s confessions form a work that corresponds closely to its content and achieves what it set out to achieve, which is redemption from sins for Augustine and a revelation for the readers. His writing is basically an idea of the return of creation to God; its aim is to inspire others to actively seek this return and to believe in the creation of God. The relationship St. Augustine has with love and God is undeniably irrevocable due to the fact that he cannot distinguish love and God with out one another. Augustine often experiences darkness, blindness, and confusion while attempting to find truth in God, but he knows that when he eventually finds him his confused heart will be redeemed. Augustine started out in childhood with a state of confusion because he had to live in two different worlds. These two worlds consisted of that of his mother’s (Monica) religious faith and teachings, and the rest of the outside world. The two worlds confused Augustine as a child because his mother praised Christ and Christianity and about the almighty God who helps humans to go to heaven. In the outside world, it was completely nonreligious. The talk was about striving to achieve. In Carthage, while successfully pursuing his studies, he abandoned his Christian moral teachings of his early years and took in a mistress, with whom he lived with for 10 years. Augustine’s relation to his mistress focuses primarily on the problem of restless love, while showing that Augustine had the desire to love and wanted to be loved. Many young men stayed with a woman until the time came to marry them back then. This is what Augustine performed. He states that, â€Å"In those days I lived with a oman, not my lawful wedded wife but a mistress whom I had chosen for no special reason but that my restless passions had alighted on her. But she was the only one and I was faithful to her† (Confessions, IV). This is just one of the many aspects in his life that he considered sinful. Later in his writings, when Augustine talks about his conversation to Neo-Platonism (all actions a re considered good or evil) and then Christianity that he classifies his previous behavior as sinful and regrets many of his previous actions. By the time he converted, he viewed every act in which he put himself ahead of God as sinful. One sin that he mourns greatly and faults himself for is allowing him to be sexually free and having various partners. Although Augustine was regretful for his sin, he also mentions that it was the hardest sin to give up when he was trying to determine if he wanted to convert to Christianity completely. Augustine also attempts to provide another explanation for his previous actions by speculating that his actions were a result of his love for God being somehow misleading; â€Å"To him I was led by thee without my knowledge, that by him I might be led to thee in full knowledge† (Confessions, XIII). One of the biggest struggles that Augustine faced was his belief in God and how God exists. His concern was how we can seek God without really knowing what he is or what we’re exactly looking for. â€Å"Within me I had a dearth of that inner food which thyself, my God—although that dearth caused me no hunger† (Confessions, I). He constantly questions the existence of God and his belief in Him. Asking God to â€Å"come into me†, Augustine again questions what that phrase could really mean when expressed to God. Later on in the writing, Augustine came across a book, in which he referred to as â€Å"books of eloquence† (Confessions, IV), called Hortensius by Cicero. He admired this book very much and its philosophical ways which he proclaims it â€Å"changed my whole attitude and turned my prayers toward thee, O Lord, and gave me new hope and new desires† (Confessions, IV). The reading caused him to reach toward God, even though he had only learned of God seriously through Monica, his mother whom was of Christian faith. It helped him to develop a different outlook on God and take life more seriously. Furthermore, the death of Augustine’s friend made him realize that all love should be rooted in God. His friend became very ill with a fever and eventually passed away. Augustine felt extreme grief and sorrow for his friend’s death. He believes that the main cause of his misery lies in the fact that he loves his friend with the type of love that should have been reserved for God alone. Therefore, he felt that all human love is going to fade unless this love is grounded in the eternal God who never changes and will always remain. While love exists between two souls with whom we want to be with, this type of love will always have a basis from God. Throughout the Confessions, love and wisdom, his desire to love and be loved, are all driving forces for Augustine’s desire to find peace in God. Augustine often experiences darkness, blindness, and confusion while attempting to find peace in God and peace within himself, but he knows that when he eventually finds him his restless heart will be saved. Augustine felt that love might help him have a solid purpose in life and would guide him through his time of conversion. Love is a natural feeling for human race and becomes a necessity for all people. For Augustine, the first love has to be for the love of God. It must come before all others. He states that â€Å"the thought of you stirs him so deeply that he cannot be content unless he praises you, because you made us for yourself and our hearts find no peace until they rest in you† (Confessions, I). Holding God as love’s priority, it helped Augustine to shape his life, his mind and his beliefs. He never realized what a big difference it makes in one’s life when it is opened up to love and to love Christ. For Augustine, the answer to his questions and confusion lies in God’s grace. These answers are to the most difficult questions on life and faith. Throughout his writing, there was no time where he had been without love, but he had loved in pieces, hidden, and conflicting ways. He had loved his mother, Monica, from the beginning. He had also loved the name and image of Christ, but was in state of confusion many times therefore doubting his faith and beliefs. Through the Confessions, Augustine leaves himself and his past to praising God and loving him because he felt guilty with himself and his importance of God in his life. He found a place in God that he never imagined could happen. His guilty mind and heart finally found rest in God. Love also played a significant role during his conversion. It helped guide him towards God and Christ in a positive way that influenced the rest of his life. All these various themes of love helped and guided Augustine through his conversion. This formation was the discovery of a new self and the discovery of the new world he sees now through his conversion. The conversion taught him truth and to believe in God. His desire to understand wisdom, which was through the readings by Cicero, brought about a new view for Christ. Though he converted, Augustine’s full connection with the love of Christ was still yet incomplete for him. His mind was not satisfied with any one direction. The most critical and influential form of love that Augustine had was love for God and the love for Christ. It was almost as if he was exposed to a new realm and he opened up his life up to God more and more each day by praising him, telling God how much he loves him now. Augustine states, â€Å"then, O Lord, you laid your most gentle, most merciful finger on my heart and set my thoughts in order, for I began to realize that I believed countless things which I had never seen or which I had taken place when I was not there to see† (Confessions, VI). The Confessions tells a story in the form of a long conversion with God. Through this conversion to Catholic Christianity, Augustine encounters many aspects of love. These forms of love guide him towards an ultimate relationship with God. His restless heart finally finds peace and rest in God after the conversion. Augustine finds many ways in which he can find peace in God. He is genuinely sorry for having turned away from God, the one source of peace and happiness. Augustine is extremely thankful for having been given the opportunity to live with God. Augustine uses love as his gate to God’s grace. All in all, the Confessions can be read as Augustine’s way of redemption from his sins and his revelation of love to God and Christ. Augustine’s transition from a sinner to a faithful Christian was also evidence to God’s greatness. Even though Augustine committed unacceptable sins, it was a good thing for him in that he found the strength to believe and love God. This is because of what he has obtained from analyzing texts, such as Cicero’s writings, and Christian philosophy and the fact that he can truly understand the root causes of his sins that he committed instead of simply implying them based on what a book says.

Jose Rizal’s Retraction Controversy Essay

The debate still continues if Dr. Jose Rizal, our national hero, really retracted? This has been the greatest controversy which is most talked about Rizal. He is recognized for the novels he had written during the Spanish period. Because of these courageous acts of rebellion against the said colonizers, he became our National Hero. But what if our national hero, at the last moments of his life retracted everything he had ever said and written? In 1935, a letter was found by Father Manuel Garcia. The said letter contains that Jose Rizal declared himself as a Catholic and that he retracts everything he had said, written, published and did against the Catholic Church. Opinions regarding this issue would not be the same because some may agree and some may not. There so many questions speculating his retraction if in the first place, all of this is what he really fought for. From Fr. Balaguer’s version, Rizal, on the 29th day of December 1896, wrote and signed the retraction papers in front of him and with the other Jesuit priest present at the death cell. Rizal asked for a confession twice and for a rosary from the priest between the two confessions. In Balaguer’s memorandum-record, Rizal asked for a mass and a request for Holy Communion, this was readily approved by the Jesuits and assigned Fr. Villaclara as the officiating priest of the mass inside the cell. He also mentioned that Rizal asked for the image of the Sagrado Corazon de Jesus which he carved when he was just 14. Balaguer described the scene as heart-warming because Rizal kissed the image that he had requested from the Jesuits. While kneeling and surrounded by the religious authorities in the death cell, Rizal read the retraction document. Balaguer also claimed that there was a servant-messenger for Josephine Bracken to prepare for the marriage at the San Ignacio Church where Fr. Simo will conduct the confession and other things needed for the ceremonies, which will be materialized on the morning of the 30th. Lastly, before the execution and in the presence of the Archbishop and the Jesuit superior Reverend Fr. Pio Pi, Rizal kissed the image of the cross presented to him and has a rosary entwined in his hand. But how did Father Balaguer convinced Rizal to be converted into Cathloic before his execution? This is one of the big unanswered questions of today. In addition to this, Rizal wrote a poem entitled â€Å"My Last Farewell† which was written on the eve of his execution, there was a line there saying,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’ll go where there are no slaves, tyrants or hangmen where faith does not kill and where God alone does reign (Rizal, 1896).† With this, he mentioned God in this poem. Before he was executed, he wrote an undated letter to his family when he was in Fort Santiago: â€Å"Bury me in the ground, place a stone and a cross over it. My name, the date of my brith and of my death. Nothing more. If you later wish to surround my grave with a fence, you may do so. No anniversaries. I prefer Paang Bundok.â€Å" Now, what do he mean by this? He wanted a cross over it. He died as a Catholic and was buried inside the sacred grounds of Paco Cemetery. Unfortunately, his instructions were not granted. It was also argued that Rizal retracted in order to save his family from further persecution, to give Josephine Bracken a legal status as his wife and to assure reforms from the Spanish government. Speaking of Josephine as his wife, there was an article from Jose Rizal University that one day of early March 1896; Rizal played a practical joke on Josephine, which frightened her terribly. As a result, she prematurely gave birth to an eight-month baby boy. The baby was very weak and can hardly breathe. With this, Rizal immediately baptized him Francisco in honor of his father. He tried to save the life of his son but all his knowledge and skill as a physician could not save little Francisco. Sorrowfully, Rizal saw his child die three hours after birth then he drew a sketch of his dead son and he buried him under a shady tree near his home. He prayed†: â€Å"Oh, God, I give you another tiny angel. Please bless his soul.† Again, this is one proof that even before the exile in Dapitan, he practiced being a Catholic. On the other hand, the copy of the retraction paper that was allegedly signed by Rizal that was even kept secret and was only published in newspapers. It was said that the paper was lost when Rizal’s family requested for the original copy. Are the Jesuits too irresponsible for not knowing the importance of the document? Or was it just hidden? But 39 years later, the original copy was found in the archdiocesan archives. Ricardo Pascual Ph. D, who was given permission by the Archbishop Nozaleda to test the document and later concluded in his book, â€Å"Rizal beyond the Grave† that the papers shown was a falsification. The common contradiction of this argument was either Father Balaguer or Father Pi had made errors in reproducing another copy of the original. The manuscript was also allegedly  misplaced from 1922 – 1935. Trinidad challenged the Jesuits to show to her the manuscripts so that she could validate that it was Rizal’s handwriting and signature. With this, finding out that there were several copies of it, some may imitate Rizal’s handwriting and signature. Another proof that Rizal did not retract is that when Father Balaguer claimed that Jose and Josephine, however, there were no marriage certificate or public record shown that could prove Father Balaguer’s accounts. In addition, he performed the ceremony between 6:00 – 6:15 AM of December 30, 1896 with the presence of one of the Rizal’s sisters but Rizal family denied that none of them were there and Dr. Jose Rizal was martyred at 7:03 AM. Also, nobody had reported that Bracken was in the area of Fort Santiago in the morning of the execution. Consider also the three priests (Fr. Jose Villaclara, Fr. Estanislao March, and Fr. Vicente Balaguer) to negotiate the expanse of the walk to give spiritual care to the condemned Dr. Jose Rizal, why is it that, only Fr. Balaguer stated that there was a wedding? Furthermore, where were Fr. Villaclara and Fr. March to verify the manifestation of a marriage ceremony? Or was there really even one at all? Showing the two sides, where do you stand? Do you believe that Rizal really abjured or not? It’s up to you but this controversy should not eradicate Rizal’s works for our country. He awakened our knowledge of nationalism and patriotism. Jose Rizal’s writings helped in motivating the Filipinos to fight for our freedom against the Spanish colonizers and inspired a lot of Filipino revolutionaries to stand up for a cost. In my opinion, I still believe that his contributions to our country are far greater than the issue brought by this letter. I stick to his advocacy that war is not the solution for independence. If you’re going to ask me if he really retract, I would say yes, because he really wanted to have peace and to stop the chaos during that time, he abjured everything due to the pressure to his family and became a Catholic. I stated earlier that he has some requests to his family for his burial that there should be a cross over his grave, with this, he died as a Catholic and his family, on the 11th day after his death, was informed that early of the next day, a mass was to be celebrated for the eternal rest of his soul. Adding to this, he experienced hardships in writing his third novel entitled â€Å"Makamisa† because he is not fluent in  Filipino language. How could he state: â€Å"A man who doesn’t love his native language, is worse than all animals and a smelly fish.†, if he, himself, can’t apply it. And let’s understand that he retracted for the sake of his family’s persecution and wanted a reform for our country against the Spanish government. I’m sure all of us really love our family and will do such extraordinary things just to save them and would love to have peace on earth. But all this and more will retract nothing from his greatness as a Filipino.

ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE - Essay Example It becomes imperative to understand the prospective alliance and build an atmosphere of consensus and co-operation between the members to avoid obstacles in the progress. Obstacles may crop up due to racial discrimination, cultural bias, stereotype approach, abilities, orientation, sexual assaults, harassment, communication abilities, accent, grammar, spoken skills, language command, presentations, self-presentation, outgoing temperament, sincerity, dedication for work, knowledge, outlook, understanding and beliefs which could impede team work to convene the common objective(s). These obstacles could be surmounted through excellent leadership and coalition. Essentially, diversification in culture could turn out to be a boon, as understanding for the culture paves the way for venturing into the new communities and thereby expanding the global network and domain. It could turn out to be highly advantageous if dealt appropriately. Present epoch witnesses it as the need of the time and organizations start speculating to hire people belonging to different cultures. A feeling of humane is essential to overcome the obstacles, moreover, psychological dealing s and analysis could take the organizations far beyond their set objectives and could potentially bring

Confidentiality In Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Confidentiality In Social Work - Essay Example Physicians should refrain from speaking loosely in the presence of patients as it may be misunderstood as a violation of their privacy. Ensuring that consultations are done in a private setting is important as it limits the potential for such errors. Sharing confidential information with a colleague is a technical violation of a client’s privacy. It is important to ensure that the information that is shared is done so out of necessity and not leisure. In my opinion, it is important that informed decisions are made. Consulting is an important part of acquiring information. It is, therefore, important to practice professionalism. Informal consultations must be brought down to a minimum to ensure that the clients are accorded the respect that they demand. Social work involves much interaction and therefore by default, occasional talking given. It is important to ensure that as a professional, social occasions are kept far from work. One must not discuss their work at social event s. Social workers must make sure that in the event topics concerning work come up, they can evade the specific areas. Ethically, colleagues should ensure that they stop their partners when they overhear confidential information being shared. Limiting the range that information is passed is another risk management strategy. The potential for causing damages to the patient is very high if the carelessness is practiced outside the office. It is, therefore, paramount to ensure that the management handles any cases quietly.

International Business Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Business Communications - Essay Example Food chain outlets such as Mc Donald and KFC have successfully made their impression on every sphere of the globe and are still going strong with the expansion spree. But there are organizations which even being popular within a country have not really moved out of their closet to explore the new horizons. One such organization is White Castle Hamburger restaurant which is very popular in US and the company over past 90 years has grown tremendously, but, still the company has not tried to expand its business be it even in US market as the company is said to be family run and the all the outlets are supposed to family owned with no franchisee outlet (White Castle, 2012). But, if it has to expand globally to increase its market share and explore other areas where it can compete with other competitors like MC Donald it has strategize a new plan for the expansion and to expand beyond territories the most preferable option is the franchisee way. Through the franchisee way the company can spread its legacy of nine decades to other parts of the world and emerge a global leader in the hamburger chain outlets. Say, White Castle decides to expand its outlets to London, Mexico & China it has to manage certain communication barriers because of different cultural background in these 3 countries. Part I: White Castle’s quest to expand in the 3 countries i.e. ... White Castle has to pick these three aspects and work accordingly in context to China, Mexico & London. To be a part of these countries White Castle must work on its service to customers as well as curb the cultural difference within the organization between different cultural employees. A good social behavior is can create wonders for the company. China is a place with different cultural background and so is Mexico and it is very important to respect the culture of these countries and train the employees in accordance keeping their cultural values intact. Also the employees should be trained ethically to follow the values intact with the organization over the years. Company ethics like its core values, its approach towards the service imparted to customers should be of prime focus despite changing cultures and also White Castle can take part in various CSR activities to further emerge as a global player. The attitudes of people should be considered as for London the attitude can be individualistic but in case of China & Mexico the attitude can be collective with more people coming together in deciding over a particular issue. Thus, this also has to deal with in a planned & structured manner (Chaney, 2008, p. 215-220). Part II: White Castle’s expansion of its hamburger outlet cannot be a successful venture unless some of its top managers take the responsibility to lead from the front and take charge of the business in the countries where White Castle has decided to expand its outlets. Managers surely will make things easier for the company but in return they are bound to face some difficulties in diversified culture of different countries. The biggest cultural shock for these managers can be the way people

Global Warming effects human health Research Paper

Global Warming effects human health - Research Paper Example The research paper â€Å"Global Warming effects human health† describes various deteriorating health threats one is going to experience during his lifespans due to the reduced air quality and dreadful conditions of food and water to growing amounts of allergens and disastrous weather events. At present there is general unanimity that the Earth is warming at a faster level than the previous century’s where hunter-gatherer human existence. The previous decade was the warmest from the time when instrumental archives initiated in the nineteenth century. The reasons of this change are more and more well assumed that there is fresh and sturdier proof that most of the warming witnessed over the last fifty years is possibly ascribed by human actions, primarily the release of greenhouse gases produced from fossil fuels. Anxieties on the typical weather system are already producing effects on Earth’s surface. These comprise not only mounting surface temperatures, however, as well more and more recurrent floods and droughts, and variations in normal ecologies, for example earlier flowering of vegetation, and pole ward movements in the dispersal of numerous species. Such vicissitudes are intimately related to human health. Weather conditions disturb human health, through the bodily effects of weather excesses, and secondarily, through effects on the levels of contamination in the air, on the farming, marine and freshwater schemes that offer food and water, and pathogens that result in communicable ailments. This paper mainly explains health impacts of global warming, climate change, deforestation, global warming, greenhouse effect, and greenhouse gases (McMichael). Global Warming Global warming is well documented by researchers all over the globe as a crucial community health and ecological anxiety. Mainly because of the use of fossil fuels, bigger levels of greenhouse gases in the air are resulting in greater global temperatures that cause adverse eco logical, air quality and human health concerns. The report on climate change by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007, global temperatures have increased by 1.3?F over the previous century and are expected to rise between 2? and 11.5?F by 2100, Global warming has been perceived to reduce air quality, escalating sea levels, melting glaciers, dangerous hurricanes, more strong and extended droughts, more recurrent heat waves, forest fires and other threats to human health. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) stated that greenhouse gases cause air contamination and threaten the civic health and well-being of present and upcoming generations. California’s civic health toll due to air pollution is currently very high, and upshots in billions of dollars in healthcare costs each year as of early deaths and remedial mediations (see table-1for statistics). The California Air Resources Board (CARB) evaluations that revelation to harmful leve ls of Particulate matter and ozone adds to huge number of early deaths, asthma attacks, and admittance to hospitals and lots of lost school and work days from breathing and cardiac diseases each year. Particulate matter estimates for the major early demises linked with air contamination, even though ozone adds to hundreds of early deaths each year in California. Contact to great levels of air contaminants, as well as particle pollution, besides has been made known to lessen lung development and function in children, causing in weak lungs (Children’

Labor relations 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Labor relations 3 - Essay Example Hence, a grievance can be denoted as a dispute that crops up in a work related environment in relation to the interpretation, appliance, management or alleged violation of the specific terms of the collective agreement (Holley et al 468). Basically, it is a complaint that is filed by an employee as per his/her interpretation of the collective agreement. A grievance that is not settled in the course of its own procedures could be referred within given timelines as indicated by the collective agreement to Arbitration. Never the less, if a grievance procedure has been followed without any resolute being attained, then a single arbitrator or arbitration board should hear and determine the dispute that is referred to it, as his/her or its decision is final and should, therefore, be binding upon all the parties that are involved. Hence, it is seen as an absolute stage of resolution. Moreover, every grievance procedure operates within a specific time limit, which is present in each collecti ve agreement. These limits are put in place to deal with grievances promptly. They should be taken into consideration by both the employer and the union to ensure that limits are adhered to unless under specific permission that must be agreed upon by one or the other party. In case, this is not done chances are that the whole grievance procedure becomes invalid especially if it is in reference to arbitration. Either party is in a position to raise the lack of adherence to timeliness as a preliminary objection of having the grievance dismissed. Benefits of Grievances The grievance procedure has benefits, which helps the process to be in place. First, the process is capable of generating stability in day-to day employees’ relations as it ensures that employees have a sense of assurance within the collective agreement life of a mechanism that resolves issues rather than allowing them to continue. In fact, the presence of a grievance process at any work place ensures that dispute s do not escalate but rather get resolved at the appropriate time. Second, the process plays an important role in creating a sense of democracy in the work place especially when it allows employees to air their grievances without the fear of intimidation by the employers. Third, the process gives employees a chance to hold open discussions on issues that are related to their work, and improve communication between the employer and the employee (Holley et al 469). Furthermore, interpretation of a collective agreement is allowed as it presents an option of submitting problems to neutral third party. This builds up strong labor relations, improves morale and increases overall productivity. The common sources of grievances include: discipline and discharge, working hour and overtime, postings of job and seniority. Steps in a Grievance Procedure Every collective agreement denotes the steps as per their respective grievance procedures A typical grievance procedure of an individual employe e includes the following: Informal discussion Prior to a formal grievance filing, an employee must discuss the issue with the supervisor. At times, the grievance may be

Family in Europe History Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Family in Europe History - Coursework Example In case a family was already on a high rung in a social ladder, a smart marriage arrangement could be highly advantageous through a thoughtful market strategy. As time passed over the centuries, there was a slow and gradual change towards more freedom of choice and a much greater acceptance of love as a basis for marriage. Parents had every say in the matter in choosing a partner as well as bargaining about the dowry. The general notion was that unless a person could afford to get married they should, otherwise it was not advisable. Though parents took trouble in working out a marriage for their children, the youngsters met their lovers in the fields, barns, at the fairs and even on pilgrimages. Most marriages took place between members of the same religion, nationality and caste. It is rather surprising to note that the word family did not mean blood relations or related by marriage, but the Latin word â€Å"famulus† referred to a domestic establishment’s live – in staff. Until the 19th century, Europeans did not do away with the meaning of family, but as the idea of kinship took shape, the meaning of â€Å"family† took on a whole new perspective while the old meaning has become obsolete in these modern times. In the past a household was not only the private residence of a family, but also a place for the public eye. Historians having worked on demographic data between the 16th and 19th centuries and have put to rest the common notion that people lived in very large households compared to the micro families of today. After much investigation, they have come to rest on the fact that families were of two kinds – small or average and large families. The small families in Europe had one or two children while the large families had about seven to ten members. However, when comparing the rural and urban households, they found that most of the people in the urban areas preferred to have small families comprising of one or two

Spoken Tactics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spoken Tactics - Essay Example As part of the jubilee celebrations, bank would launch a variety of deposit schemes. Given below is the speech that the manager of the organization would deliver on the occasion. The audience consists of bank employees/staff, investors, customers, guests and general public. â€Å"Ladies and Gentlemen, this is the very occasion we have been waiting for since the beginning of the last financial year. We thank you all for making this event highly valuable by your active presence. I would like to inform you the glad news that beyond our highest expectations, our bank has accumulated its greatest turnover even in this worst global economic environment. Dear friends; this achievement is yours who gave continual support and laid strong faith in the function and service of the organization. The bank is highly thankful to you for supporting us with your investments and deposits. Moreover, all your suggestions, complaints and feedbacks were of immense help to us for designing new strategies and forecasts. Of course, we had certain targets for this silver jubilee year. Lot of time and manpower has been spent to manage this accomplishment. I take this opportunity to thank all our customers who introduced new clients to us. Your cooperation and patience have to be appreciated in this context. I am here with a number of new offers to express our gratitude. All our beneficiaries will be privileged from this historic achievement in this jubilee year. Obviously, the relentless efforts and commitment of our whole staff and employees also have to be remembered here. In fact this success is the result of a two year project that commenced with a market survey. Our public relation faculty and other individuals who headed this task deserve a special appreciation. It was their sincere efforts that brought the real market situation to light. I remember the active involvement of all other employees in the accomplishment of the proposed target. They have paid extra time and

Prose Coursework Essay Example for Free

Prose Coursework Essay One of my favourite short stories is The Birds by Daphne du Maurier. This story is set on a farm on the Cornish coast. The story is based on the main character, Nat Hocken and his wife, and their two children, Johnny and Jill. This is all set in the mid 1900s, at the start of December. It all starts on the 3rd of December. The birds were behaving in a strange manner. Their formations were abnormal, and they looked as if they were planning a liberation or attack. Nat notices all of these activities but does not pay any attention. Later that night the birds started to attack the windows. Nat opened the window and lots of birds flew in and started to assault and harm him. Nat thought that it would be the end of the aggression attacks but he was wrong. Day after day the birds begin to attack more and more aggressively very often. Nat starts concluding that the weather definitely has a lot to do with the birds actions. He now realises that all the common children that he had formerly told to run home are probably0 dead. From now on Nats duty was to protect his family only. When the birds finally broke into the childrens bedroom, Nat then began to pitch and hurl punches towards the birds. He then grabs one of the bed sheets and chucks it over the birds. Then he started to hurl a bed sheet around the room bouncing and hitting it off and into the walls until the birds were either severely injured or dead. Nat is very protective because he takes the risk of attack by boarding up the house and getting the supplies from the now deceased neighbours up the road. At the end they have realised that these sequences of events are happening all over the world. Nat theorized on the millions of years of repressed feeling that the birds had towards the human race and other species on planet earth. After realising that the wireless has no unique or any predicament transmissions to the public or even the world about these attacks, the silence was tensile. Nat had now given up any hope of survival from these anarchists who which represented a race in the animal kingdom that we believed was harmless. My next story is A message from the Pig-Man by John Wain. This story is set in early 1900s in what seems to be the city of London. This story is about a young boy called Eric of around the age of six. His parents are separated and he lives with his Mum and her boyfriend, Donald. Eric always imagines that the Pig-Man is almost like a character from a horror story. When he first heard about the Pig-Man, he started to ponder what the Pig-Man would look like. He concentrates various prospectives about the image of the Pig-Man, The Pig-Mans bucket had a handle; so he must carry it in the ordinary way, in his hand-unless, of course, and he walked on all fours and carried it in his mouth. But that wasnt very likely, because if he walked on all fours what difference would there be between him and an ordinary pig? Eric is very imaginative in his quest to find out what the Pig-Man really is. He realises it is better to confront your problems he asks his mum why dad cant live at home. When she cant answer he gets angry and claims that he hates all adults. The main characters are Eric, Donald, Mum, Dad and the Pig Man. In this story Eric is the pushy character. He keeps considering his theories about the Pig Man and is anxious to find out which one is correct. Donald has a small part in this story, but does get caught in the middle of one of Erics interferences where he asks his Mum why cant his Dad and Donald live together in the house. I believe that Donald must have felt very uncomfortable at that moment in time. The Pig Man is the one at the centre of attention in this story. He causes Eric to behave in a ridiculous way but not for a child. At the start the Pig Mans character is almost mysterious, as the adults do not tell us what his image is like; we only hear Erics knowledge of the Pig Man that is at the minimum. Erics dad is the one who confuses Eric about buying the train set and then leaving which leads to Eric questioning why him and Donald cant stay with Eric and his mum. The vernacular in this short story is evocative towards what perceptions you can have about someone or something when at a young age or unaware of the purpose or the appearance of an individual. What is interesting about these two stories is that they deal with problems that the characters must face for themselves and overcome; one the boy doesnt understand why the dad and the mums boyfriend (Donald) cant live together and he doesnt understand the term Pig Man. And the other is that Nat doesnt understand why the birds are attacking the Village and the world. He finds out when they time their attacks when he realises it had something to do with the tides.

SSI Units

SSI Units I. Introduction INTRODUCTION TO SSI UNITS After gaining independence India in 1947, there was a felt need of economic prosperity and to revive the nation. Hence India focused on developing itself as a manufacturing base. The planners then took the decision of promoting the small scale industries. They were of the view that ssi can play a significant role in the economic progress of the country as it had huge potential in employment generation, which was the major problem faced during that period of time. Earlier the small scale sector was a sector involved in traditional labor with outdated machineries and inefficient techniques of production. But since then due to the coordinated efforts of the government and the commercial banks the position of SSI has improved. These efforts include * Reservation of items to be manufactured by the SSI * Credit marketing * Technology and entrepreneurship development * fiscal, financial and infrastructural support II. Small Scale Industries 2.1Small Scale and Ancillary Industries Small scale industrial units are those engaged in the manufacture, processing or preservation of goods and whose investment in plant and machinery (original cost) does not exceed Rs.1 crore. These would, inter alia, include units engaged in mining or quarrying, servicing and repairing of machinery. In the case of ancillary units, the investment in plant and machinery (original cost) should also not exceed Rs. 1 crore to be classified under small-scale industry. The investment limit of Rs. 1 crore for classification as SSI has been enhanced to Rs.5 crore in respect of certain specified items under hosiery, hand tools, drugs pharmaceuticals, stationery items and sports goods by the Government of India. 2.2. Tiny Enterprises The status of ‘Tiny Enterprises may be given to all small scale units whose investment in plant machinery is up to Rs. 25 lac, irrespective of the location of the unit. III. Small Scale Industries Financing Finance is the blood for any organization. It is that resource which provides the resources for other factors of production, hence its importance cannot be ignored. After the independence, the Government of India has built upon the network of institutions to provide financial assistance to the small scale industries. Since small scale industries need promotionary help from the government and government has other sectors to look upon for the overall development of the country and hence it has entrusted this duty upon the commercial banks. They have evolved various methods of financing and left the traditional methods far behind and evolved themselves into development banks. The importance of the SSI sector can be best explained by the census according to which this sector employees around 60 million persons. And if we talk in terms of value then this sector accounts for about 48% of manufacturing output and 42% of the total exports of the country. 3.1 Types of Industrial Finance: Depending upon the time period requirement of funds the financing can be classified into the following three types: 1) Short term financing: this refers to those funds which are required by the entrepreneurs for short term ie. For a period ranging less than one year. The motive of such funding is to meet the working capital requirements of the enterprise. 2) Medium term financing: this refers to those funds which are required by entrepreneurs for a period ranging from one to five years. This type is needed to fund the permanent working capital requirements, small expansions, replacements, and modifications etc. these funds can be raised through the following resources: Issue of debentures Issue of shares Borrowing from banks and other financial institutions Ploughing back of profits ie the retained earnings 3) Long term financing: it refers to that financing which is extended for a period ranging for more than 5 years. Such funds are required by entrepreneurs for the purpose of investing into fixed assets, for expansion purpose, for bringing about modernization in the enterprise and introduction of new technology. 3.2 Means of finance: Credit Flow The main source of input to the sustained growth of small scale sector industries is CREDIT. Credit has already been classified into short term, long term and medium term on the basis of requirement of the enterprise. The institutional arrangement for providing the capital requirement of the SSI is as follows: SSI are provided the working capital by the commercial banks and in some case this initiative is taken up by cooperative banks and regional rural banks. In case of term loans the provision is made by the state financial corporations, small industries development corporations, national small industries corporation and NABARD. Financial assistance to SSI by NSIC is also made in the form of supply of machinery on hire purchase basis. Even tiny units are able to get loans from commercial banks along with working capital in the form of composite loans. Refinancing facilities to the above institutions are provide by Small Industries Development Bank of India(SIDBI) Term loans on long term basis are provided to the small scale units by SFCs mainly through Single window Scheme and National equity fund. Under single window scheme also the SFC provide some part of working capital for pre operative expenses. 3.2.1 Credit to SSI Sector from Public Sector Banks The table below gives the positions with regard to flow of credit to SSI Sector:- At the end of March 2005 At the end of March 2006 At the end of March 2007 At the end of March 2008 At the end of March 2009 Net Bank Credit 1,69,038 1,84,381 1,89,684, 2,18,219 2,46,203 Credit to SSI 25,843 29,485 31,542 38,109 42,674 No. of SSI Accounts (in lakhs) 32.25 33.77 N.A. 29.64 N.A. SSI Credit as percentage of Net Bank Credit 15.29 15.99 16.6 17.5 17.33 There is a marginal decline in share of credit to SSI sector as a percentage of net bank credit. 3.2.2 Credit to Tiny Sector The Table below gives the status of credit flow to tiny sector since 1995:- At the end of March 1995 At the end of March 1996 At the end of March 1997 At the end of March 1998 Net Credit to Tiny Sector 7734 8183 9515 10273.13 Tiny credit as percentage of net SSI credit 29.93 27.76 30.2 27.0 The advances outstanding against Tiny sector increased from Rs.9515 crores at the end of March, 1997 to Rs. 10273 crores at the end of March, 1998. The share of tiny sector in the advances to SSI sector has, however, decreased from 30.2% at the end of March 1997 to 27.0% at the end of March, 1998. As per RBI guidelines, 40% priority sector lending going to SSI has to go to tiny units with investment in plant and machinery below Rs. 5 lakhs and another 20% to tiny units with investment in plant and machinery between Rs. 5 lakhs and Rs. 25 lakhs. Thus, against the target of 60% of SSI credit for tiny units, actual flow at 27% is very low. 3.2.4 Steps taken by Reserve Bank of India to improve credit flow to SSI sector a) Investment limit has been enhanced from Rs.60 lakhs to Rs.300 lakhs and for tiny units from Rs.5 lakhs to Rs.25 lakhs. As per the RBI guidelines the funds normally available to SSI sector, 40% be given to units with investment in plant and machinery up to Rs. 5 lakhs; 20% for units with investment between Rs. 5 lakhs to Rs.25 lakhs and remaining 40% for other units. b) to expand the extent of Single Window Scheme of SIDBI to all districts to meet the term loan working capital financial requirements of SSIs. c) With a view to manage the cost of credit to SSI units, banks are advised to grant loans to only those SSI units with a good track record. 3.2.5 Monitoring Credit to SSIs is subject to regular monitoring by Reserve Bank of India, Department of SSI ARI, National Advisory Committee of SIDBI, State Level Bankers Committee and District Level Coordination Committees of the Bank. 3.2.6 Fresh initiatives announced in the Budget of 2008-2009 In this budget speech the Finance Minister has announced the following measures for improving credit supply to SSI sector a) A new credit insurance scheme launched. The problem of inadequate provision of security to banks and the rate of low recovery are recognized as the constraints of flow of credit to SSI units.the problem is more complex in case of tiny sector units and export oriented units. And the above scheme is launched in the purview of this problem for the help of SSI units. b) Composite Loan Scheme Limit Enhanced to Rs. 5 Lakhs Another provision made in the budget is that the composite loan scheme of SIDBI and commercial banks designed to solve operational difficulties of the small borrowers by presiding term loan and working capital through a single window. The limit for composite loans has been enhanced from Rs. 2 lakhs to Rs. 5 lakhs. c) Working Capital Limit Enhanced to Rs. 5 Crores In the case of SSi units, the need for working capital is determined on the basis of 20% of the annual turnover. There is a provision in the banks to enhance this limit from 4 crore to 5 crore. d) Credit Delivery to Tiny Sector To increase the outreach of banks to the tiny sector, leading by banks to Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) or other financial intermediaries for purposes of on-lending to the tiny sector is being included within the definition of priority sector for bank lending. 3.2.7 High level committee for credit (Kapur committee) Inorder to boost the financing activity of the SSI RBI appointed one man committee to improve the delivery system and simplify the procedures for the credit availability for the SSI. The Committee has submitted its report to RBI on 30th June, 1998. Some of the major recommendations of the Committee are:- i) Special treatment to smaller among small industries ii) Enhancement in the quantum of composite loans iii) Removal of procedural difficulties in the path of SSI advances iv) Sorting out issues relating to mortgages of land including removal of stamp duty and permitting equitable mortgages v) Allowing access to low-cost funds to Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) for refinancing SSI loans vi) Non-obtaining of collaterals for loans up to Rs.2 lakhs; vii) Setting up of a collateral reserve fund to provide support to first party guarantees; viii) Setting up of a Small Industries Infrastructure Development Fund for developing industrial areas in/around metropolitan and urban areas; ix) Change in the definition of sick SSI units; x) Giving statutory powers to State Level Inter-Institutional (SLIIC); xi) Setting up of a separate guarantee organisation and opening of 1,000 additional specialised branches; and xii)Enhancement of SIDBIs role and status to match with that of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD). Kapur Committee has made 126 recommendations out of which RBI has already accepted 40 recommendations for implementation. 3.3 Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) SIDBI was set up by an Act of Parliament, as an apex institution for promotion, financing and development of industries in small scale sector and for coordinating the functions of other institutions engaged in similar activities. It commenced operations on April 2, 1990. SIDBI extends direct/indirect financial assistance to SSIs, assisting the entire spectrum of small and tiny sector industries on All India basis. The range of assistance comprising financing, extension support and promotional, are made available through appropriate schemes of direct and indirect assistance for the following purposes:- } direct credit to the SME(small medium enterprises) . } support to micro-finance institutions for capacity building and on lending . } provides financial support to the sick / small scale industries. } Principal Financial institution engaged in development initiative in rural sector and improving the SSI unit. } Also encouraging SSIS and generating employment in rural India. The Bank also performing the rehabilitation duty and improving the performance of small Industries. VARIOUS SCHEMES FOR FINANCING OF SSI 3.3.1 Direct Assistance Schemes SIDBI directly assists SSIs under the following scheme: Project Finance Scheme Equipment Finance Scheme Marketing Scheme Vendor Development Scheme Infrastructural Development Scheme Technology Development Modernisation Fund Venture Capital Scheme These schemes aim at solving the key issues in SSI ie., the problems of high tech project, marketing, infrastructure development, quality improvement, export financing and venture capital assistance. 3.3.2 Indirect Assistance Schemes Under its indirect schemes, SIDBI extends refinancing facility of loans to small scale sector by SFCs, SIDCs and Banks. Till now refinance is extended to 896 PLIs and these PLIs have their network extended to more than 67000 branches with the help of which they provide financing to these SSI. 3.3.3 Promotional and Development Activities SIDBI is also into providing other assistance to the SSI for its development besides limiting itself to the provision of simple financing. It involves itself in Entrepreneurship development programmmes, modernization programmes and micro credit schemes inorder to bring about economic empowerment of women specially in the rural areas by providing them opportunities of training and development. A.Refinance against term loans in respect of projects/activities eligible for assistance under the Scheme Interest on term loans for fixed asets and working capital advances (excluding interest tax) (% p.a.) Interest on Refinance (% p.a.) (i)Upto and inclusive of Rs. 25,000 12.0 9.0 (ii) Over Rs. 25,000 and upto Rs. 2 lakh Not exceeding 13.5 10.5 B.Refinance against term loans (Applicable to all eligible institutions) (except RRBs) Interest on term loans (excluding interest tax) (% p.a.) Interest on Refinance (% p.a.) (i) Upto and inclusive of Rs. 25,000 12.0 9.0 (ii) Over Rs. 25,000 and up to Rs. 2 lakh Not exceeding 13.5 10.5 (iii) Over Rs. 2 lakh Not exceeding 14.0* 12.0 4.3.4 Performance SIDBIs efforts have resulted in increased flow of credit to SSI sector since inception as indicated below: Year Sanction Disbursement 2000-01 2412 1819 2001-02 2847 2038 2002-03 2909 2146 2003-04 3357 2672 2004-05 4706 3390 2005-06 6266 4801 2006-07 6485 4588 2007-08 7481 5243 SIDBIs assistance to: (i) Tiny Units about 89.2% of the total no. of projects under Refinance Scheme during the period of 2006-07 were tiny, receiving an assistance upto Rs. 5 lakh . The total sanctions for such projects accounted for 39.6% as against 36% of the total amount of sanctions in previous year. (ii) Women entrepreneurs under various schemes available for financing of SSI the total assistance amounting to Rs. 19.07 crores was given to 1067 women entrepreneurs during 2006-07. (iii) Backward areas during 2006-07, the projects originating from backward areas for which the need for financing was felt, received an assistance to the level of Rs. 778 crores of the total sanction which accounted for 33% of total assistance under Refinance Scheme of SIDBI. 3.3.6 Main Schemes of SIDBI A brief summary of the Schemes available with SIDBI. More details are available under the Section Policies Schemes. National Equity Fund Scheme providing support to those entrepreneurs which are into setting up of projects in tiny sector. Technology Development Modernisation Fund Scheme this scheme aims for providing financial assistance to existing SSI units for matters relating to technology upgradation/modernisation. Single Window Scheme aims to provide both term loan as well as working capital loans to the small scale units through the same agency. Composite Loan Scheme this aims at providing loans for equipment and/or working capital and also for worksheds to artisans, village and cottage industries in Tiny Sector. Mahila Udyam Nidhi (MUN) Scheme this scheme aims to promote women as entrepreneurs by providing equity support to them for setting up projects in Tiny Sector. Scheme for financing activities: the need is even felt for the assistance in the field of marketing the products produced by the SSI and these include marketing research, RD, product upgradation, participation in trade fairs and exhibitions, advertising branding, establishing distribution networks etc. Equipment Finance Scheme this scheme is available inorder to help SSI with ease in using the hi-tech machinery and equipment for facilitating quality production. Venture Capital Scheme this is a provision made to encourage SSI ventures to acquire capital equipment,for building up of export capabilities/import substitution including cost of total quality management and acquisition of ISO-9000 certification and for expansion of capacity. Major schemes Technology Development Modernisation Fund SIDBI has set up Technology Development Modernisation Fund (TDMF) scheme for the assistance os small scale sector units so as to enable them to modernize their production techniques with the help new and improved technology so that their products can stand the foreign competition and the quality of their products can be enhanced. This would also help them to reduce their cost of production and removal of the inefficiencies in the production techniques. Assistance is available for meeting the expenses on purchase of capital equipments, acquiring of technical know-how, upgrading of process technology. The Coverage of the TDMF scheme has been enlarged w.e.f. 1.9.1997. Non-exporting units and units which are graduating out of SSI sector are now eligible to avail assistance under this scheme. National Equity Fund National Equity Fund (NEF) under Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) provides equity type assistance to SSI units, tiny units at one per cent service charges. The scope of this scheme was widened in 1998-99 to cover all areas excepting Metropolitan areas, raising the limit of loan from Rs. 1.6 lakhs to Rs. 2.6 lakhs and covering both existing as well as new units: (a) The following are eligible for assistance under the scheme:- i. New projects in tiny and small scale sectors for manufacture, preservation or processing of goods irrespective of the location (except for the units in Metropolitan areas). ii. Existing tiny and small scale industrial units and service enterprises as mentioned above (including those which have availed of NEF assistance earlier), undertaking expansion, modernisation, technology upgradation and diversification irrespective of location (except in Metropolitan areas). iii. Sick units in the tiny and small scale sectors including service enterprises as mentioned above, which are considered potentially viable, irrespective of the location of the units (except for the units in Metropolitan areas). iv. All industrial activities and service activities (except Road Transport Operators). (b) Project cost (including margin money for working capital) should not exceed Rs. 10 lakhs in the case of new projects in the case of existing units and service enterprises, the outlay on expansion/modernisation/technology upgradation or diversification or rehabilitation should not exceed Rs. 10 lakh per project. (c) There is no change in the existing level of promoters contribution at 10% of the project cost. However, the ceiling on soft loan assistance under the Scheme has been enhanced from the present level of 15% lakh per project to 25% of the project cost subject to a maximum of Rs. 2.5 lakh per project. 3.4 State Financial Corporations (SFCs) SFCs were set up mainly to finance small and medium scale units. The area of operation of SFCs is generally limited to the States. SFCs also actively participate in assisting small scale units thereby helping them to modernize and upgrade the technology by making provision for term loans and soft loans and also restructuring the sick small scale units through rehabilitation and revival schemes through equity assistance under SIDBI seed capital scheme. At present, there are 18 SFCs (including TIIC which was set up as a company) in existence for more than 40 years and operate as Regional Development Banks. The SFCs have played an important role in the evolution and growth of small and medium scale industries in their respective states. They provide financial assistance to industrial units by way of term loans, direct subscription to equity, guarantees, etc. Over the years SFCs have expanded their activities and coverage of assistance. 3.5 National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC) 3.5.1 Bill Financing Bills drawn by small scale units for the supplies made to the reputed and well established enterprises and duly accepted by them will be financed / discounted by NSIC for a maximum period of 90 days. 3.5.2 Working Capital Finance working capital financing of sound and well managed units, will be done on selective basis in case of requirements emerging, to enable them to make payments for their purchases of consumable stores and spares and production related expenses particularly electricity bills, statutory dues, etc. 3.5.3 Export Development Finance Finance for export development to export oriented units for meeting their emergent requirements. Pre and post shipment finance shall also be provided to such units at usual terms conditions. 3.5.4 Equipment Leasing Scheme The object of the Leasing Scheme is to assist SSI Units to procure industrial equipment for modernisation, expansion and diversification of their industries. ELIGIBILITY Exclusively for existing financially viable SSI units including ancillary units, duly registered as SSI units with the Directorate of Industries. BENEFITS Ø 100% financing at very liberal terms with easy repayment schedule. Ø Simple formalities and speedy sanction. Ø Single window system for imported equipment. The Corporation undertakes to complete formalities like procuring import licence, opening of Letter of Credit etc. Ø Tax rebate on full 5 year lease rental. VI. Review of some of the articles studied under the purview of the study 1) ISSUES IN SSI FINANCING SOURCE: The Hindu Newspaper editorial dated 5 Dec 2006 ANALYSIS: the article argues that the provisions of the credit policy relating to the advances to the NBFC for on lending to SSI would be treated as priority sector. but financing of small units, especially those in manufacturing, is hardly an attractive proposition for NBFCs. Over the past few years, the concept of priority sector lending, implying a preferential access to bank funds that small entrepreneurs and other less privileged categories enjoyed , has been diluted by including in this category bank lending for individual housing, lending to State Finance Corporations (SFCs) and advances to NBFCs for financing small transport operators. This has helped banks fulfill their priority sector obligation without having to oblige the thousands of needy individual entrepreneurs. Some of the deemed priority sector advances are in any case made by NBFCs or SFCs from public deposits and other resources that they command and deemed credit is thus unlikely to result in substantial additional financing of SSIs. 2) SIDBI PLANS Rs 250 CRORE MICRO FINANCING (SOURCE: Business Line newspaper dated 7 th sep 2004) ANALYSIS: as per the articles besides direct lending SIDBI is into provision of refinancing to the SFC for lending to SSI. It has been into lending to SSI or large corporate who buy goods from SSI including: BHEL, Escorts, Bajaj electrical etc the SME Fund has been operational since April 1. SIDBI aims to disburse Rs 10,000 crore in the next two years, which would include refinance. During the last four months, they have already disbursed Rs 605 crore mainly to SSI sector. 3) SSI SHARE IN BANK CREDIT FALLING (SOURCE: Business Line dated 25 aug, 2007) ANALYSIS: according to this article the credit flow towards the small scale units have declined in the past few decades. This fact can be supported by the figure that the level of financing was 16.2% in 1991 and till 2006 it declined to 8.5%. Total financing of the priority sector has declined accounting for the total disbursements by the scheduled commercial banks was 14,45,847 crore. Out of this only 6.24% was made available to the SSI. VII. Financing Norms: FOR LENDERS 1. The all India financial institutions stipulate a promoters contribution norm of 20% of the total project cost for industrial estates set up in notified less developed area and a 22.5% norm in other cases. In the case of estates costing less than Rs. 300 lakhs, the following margin money have been stipulated by IDBI to make them eligible for financing: * 15% margin for estates set up by technician entrepreneurs or unemployed engineers where the sheds are to be acquired by them on hire basis. * 20 to 30% margin for co-operative estates where the sheds are entirely by small scale units. * 30 to 35% margin for estates set up by joint stock companies whose shareholders occupies majority of the sheds. * 40 to 50% margin for estates set up by proprietary and partnership concerns. I. SFC/ SIDC should maintain separate and distinct accounts of fresh disbursements made to SSI units and outstanding amounts there against. II. Periodical statements to be obtained from SFC/ SIDC to monitor the position. III. Annually, a certificate issued by SFC/ SIDC statutory auditors certifying that the outstanding borrowings from banks were fully covered by the non-overdue loans outstanding in respect of fresh disbursements made to SSI units from out of term finance/ lines of credit granted by banks. IV. The rate of interest to be charged by banks on such term finance/ loans/ lines of credit will be in conformity with the directives on interest rates issued by the Reserve Bank from time to time. * In order to ensure adequate credit to this sector, the credit requirements of village industries and other SSI units having aggregate fund-based working capital limits upto Rs. 5 crores from the banking system, will be computed on the basis of a minimum of 20 percent of their projected annual turnover for new as well as existing units. VII. Analysis of growth of SSIs During Budget 2008-2009 1. The proposal that has been cornering much interest of industry players is minimum alternate tax (MAT), which has now been levied on technology companies. Though all technology firms have been brought under the ambit of MAT, the impact will not be much for big IT firms. 2. The Budget doesnt allow pass-through status to VC start-ups in sunrise sectors of BPO, media, advertising, financial services and mobile value added services. 3. Another budgetary reform that could also prove to be a thorn in the path for the SMEs is the 12.5% service tax on leased premises. President of Nasscom, Kiran Karnik, calls the increase as â€Å"unjust†. â€Å"It is usually the small guy who leases property. The big companies own their land,† 4. FM has proposed to exempt from service tax all services provided by technology business incubators. In turn, their incubatees whose annual turnover does not exceed Rs 50 lakh will be exempt from service tax for the first three years. How it affects SSIs 1. It was presented against a backdrop of high expectations with the economy having moved into the high growth trajectory of 8.5 per cent, supported by a strong growth in services and industry sector. 2. Yet many observers believe that big-ticket reform in Budget 2007-08 have not been taken on the way they should have and tax changes have left most quarters wanting, as substantial giveaways had been anticipated. 3. Small players felt serious impact on their net profits as now they would also have to shell out 11.33 percent MAT in addition to the 12 percent tax which they already pay. Also the small-sized BPO players suffered due to this levy. 4. The IT industry is happy with the proposal to grant pass-through status to VCFs investing in biotechnology and IT companies. But removal of this pass-through status for other areas such as mobile VAS and BPO had a negative impact. Targets under priority sector lending There are no targets set by domestic banks (both public sector and private sector banks) and foreign banks for lending to SSIs. as given in data below The targets and sub-targets set under priority sector lending for domestic and foreign banks operating in India are furnished below: Domestic banks (both public sector and private sector banks) Foreign banks operating in India Total Priority Sector advances 40 percent of NBC 32 percent of NBC Total agricultural advances 18 percent of NBC No target SSI advances No target 10 percent of NBC Export credit Export credit does not form part of priority sector

Pearl Harbor :: essays research papers

Pearl Harbor was the beginning of a war between two countries that would last nearly 4 years and cost hundreds of thousands of lives. The attack was swift and successful for the Japanese and it caught the Americans totally off guard. The â€Å"Day that will live in infamy† drew the United States into a World War in which would change American history forever. The political climate in the pacific area in 1940 was filled with turmoil. The Japanese had extended their empire south through French Indochina and the Japanese Army was invading China, conquering a third of the country. The United States of America was shocked to see this after witnessing Hitler and his Nazi's conquer most of Europe. So, the American's had placed embargoes on their extensive trade with Japan and both countries were negotiating to try to solve their differences. The U.S. tried to negotiate with the Japanese to try to avoid war, trying to convince them that if war broke out between Japan and the United States, Japan, in the long run, would be devastated. So, Secretary of State Cordell Hull and Japanese ambassador Namura and Kiruzo talked on how to solve this crisis. These negotiations proceeded into the summer of 1941.By this time, the Japanese had realized that if they wanted to expand their empire, they would have to fight America and, possibly, her allies. So, they decided to fight. But, in order for Japan to fight America on even terms, they would have to move south, into the East Indies (where there was a lot of raw materials for the Japanese War Machine), which, at that time, were controlled by the western powers: Britain, the Netherlands, Australia, and the United States. But, there was another thorn in Japan's side, the United States Pacific Fleet was moved from San Diego to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. This was a knife at Japan's throat. If they decided to move south, then the Americans would attack. So, the Japanese had to come up with a plan to get rid of this threat. They called upon their new Commander in Chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. He saw that the British, in 1940, torpedoed the Italian fleet at Toranto using old Fairy Swordfish torpedo bombers. So, Yamamoto thought if the British could use old biplanes to sink three battleships at Toranto, then he could use his modern Nakajima B5N torpedo bombers and Aichi D3A dive bombers to destroy more. Pearl Harbor :: essays research papers Pearl Harbor was the beginning of a war between two countries that would last nearly 4 years and cost hundreds of thousands of lives. The attack was swift and successful for the Japanese and it caught the Americans totally off guard. The â€Å"Day that will live in infamy† drew the United States into a World War in which would change American history forever. The political climate in the pacific area in 1940 was filled with turmoil. The Japanese had extended their empire south through French Indochina and the Japanese Army was invading China, conquering a third of the country. The United States of America was shocked to see this after witnessing Hitler and his Nazi's conquer most of Europe. So, the American's had placed embargoes on their extensive trade with Japan and both countries were negotiating to try to solve their differences. The U.S. tried to negotiate with the Japanese to try to avoid war, trying to convince them that if war broke out between Japan and the United States, Japan, in the long run, would be devastated. So, Secretary of State Cordell Hull and Japanese ambassador Namura and Kiruzo talked on how to solve this crisis. These negotiations proceeded into the summer of 1941.By this time, the Japanese had realized that if they wanted to expand their empire, they would have to fight America and, possibly, her allies. So, they decided to fight. But, in order for Japan to fight America on even terms, they would have to move south, into the East Indies (where there was a lot of raw materials for the Japanese War Machine), which, at that time, were controlled by the western powers: Britain, the Netherlands, Australia, and the United States. But, there was another thorn in Japan's side, the United States Pacific Fleet was moved from San Diego to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. This was a knife at Japan's throat. If they decided to move south, then the Americans would attack. So, the Japanese had to come up with a plan to get rid of this threat. They called upon their new Commander in Chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. He saw that the British, in 1940, torpedoed the Italian fleet at Toranto using old Fairy Swordfish torpedo bombers. So, Yamamoto thought if the British could use old biplanes to sink three battleships at Toranto, then he could use his modern Nakajima B5N torpedo bombers and Aichi D3A dive bombers to destroy more.

Essay --

Philip Covarrubias Covarrubias 1 Fire 100-30 Friday 1300-1550 12-06-2013 Communications Center My name is Philip Covarrubias, and I’m going to be talking about the communications center. The Communications center, a facility where dispatchers work, is the place where most emergency agencies receive 9-1-1 calls for emergency assistance, such as the fire departments, police departments, and EMS agencies. There are many communications centers throughout the United States and in other countries. In the United States, they are divided by counties. Depending on how large the county is, it will determine how many facilities will be running. In every communications center dispatchers work with a computer system called computer-aided dispatch (or CAD for short). Dispatchers started working with these computers in the early 1970’s, and as they became more known, agencies began adopting theses computers. The function of the CAD system, using the enhanced 9-1-1 system, is to quickly find the lo...

Comparing Dreams in Of Mice and Men and A Raisin in the Sun :: comparison compare contrast essays

Of Mice and Men and A Raisin in the Sun   Dreams Make What Life Is    In the novels Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, the play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry and the novel Out of the dust by Karen Hesse, dreams are viewed in different perspectives. John Stenbeck is telling you to strive for your goals and to work towards them because your dreams can get deferred and destroyed. When the opinion of Hansberry is implying that dreams can come true if you try hard, even if you're going through tough times. Karen Hesse is reiterating that you should not let anything interfere with accomplishing your goals.    Dreams deferred usually end up being diminished from existence. In the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck the characters dreams, which are put on, hold all get destroyed. Lennie's dream was to live on the land in which he owned and to tend the rabbits (pg.14). He finally was almost about to achieve his dream in a month but after working in a ranch for a few days he killed Curly's wife by accident (pg.94) so he dies and also loses all his dreams so his dreams are pessimistic. Also with Lennie's dream being destroyed also George's dream was which was also to live on a ranch so (pg.7). This happens because he can't make his dream reality without Lennie showing pessimistic out view on dreams. Dreams only can bring you so far it all depends on what your destiny is. This is because even though Lennie and George's dreams were crushed even though they tried there hardest to reach them also Candy, Crooks and Curly's wife dreams were ruined too.    Candy didn't have anything so he wanted grow old on the ranch with George and Lennie (pg59-60) but then Lennie kills Curly's Wife and his dream dies (pg.94). Candy's dreams end in a pessimistic outlook because all he wanted got destroyed leaving him with nothing. Crooks dream was to be respected and not looked at for his color and wanted to live on the ranch with Curly Lennie and George (pg.64). Even though he wanted this he noticed by what Curly's wife said to him that his dream will never be achieved, so he changes his mind (pg.

Paulo Freire Essay

In â€Å"Pedagogy of the Oppressed†, Paulo Freire presents two concepts of education, banking and problem-posing. Specifically, Freire argues that in banking, teachers assume students are passive, take all control, determine what will be learned, and â€Å"fill† students with pre-selected information. Problem-posing education allows people to develop their human natures fully because it depends on dialogue, recognizes the relationship between people and the world, encourages discovery and creativity, and leads to transformation. Freire criticizes the banking method throughout the essay and clearly praises problem- posing in more than just an educational settings. For instance, narration sickness is a term used when the teacher talks about a subject as if it were â€Å"motionless, static, compartmentalized, and predictable. † In addition, necrophilia is another one of Freire’s exaggerated imagery, comparing the banking concept and oppression to the love for the dead. Freire supports the problem-posing method as being the only educational concept needed. His essay is well laid out with examples and supporting details, but is this practical for public education? Freire says that to be truly committed to ending banking the students must reject it all together. I have mixed feelings. It’s not that I do or don’t support this statement, but I do believe both concepts are necessary at some point in education. Some information presented to students can only be taught through repetition, memorization, and narration. For example, math and science equations are concepts needed to be memorized in order to complete problems. The way a student memorizes it can be creative and active, but it still falls under the banking category for needing to be told how to perform it.

Celanese Case Analysis Essay

1. Describe the approach to IT service improvement taken at Celanese. IT initiatives at Celanese were implemented based on their cost-cutting potential. With the recent turndown in the economy only projects that clearly supported the company’s strategic direction and convincingly demonstrated a 1-year payback would be approved. Celanese also had a very decentralized approach to IT overall with each department in each country running their own systems and implementing projects often without communicating. This led to not pursuing IT service improvement in a top-down, process-centric manner, so people like the Global IT Operations Manager bootstrapped and implemented unique – albeit ITIL-informed – solutions that addressed Celanese-specific problems. 2. Describe some of the factors that made Celanese IT’s movement towards ITIL difficult. †¢ There was a lack of commitment by senior leadership to focus on IT and when there was it leadership only focused on short term results. †¢ Over the past several years they had focused on their customers application and in 2009 they did not have the budget due to the economic downturn. †¢ The CIO was not onboard in supporting all the initiatives or was supporting them inconsistently as was quoted by the application manager on page 9. †¢ Lack of communication between ITILers, OSM, and the vendors †¢ Misconception on how long something should take vs how long it would actually take to implement. †¢ Diffused IT structure ex. Standardizing the PCs used by the company took 5 years †¢ Culture at Celanese where centralization was the enemy 3. IT operations at Celanese were undisciplined and poorly coordinated. Why did its CIO not support a process improvement initiative? The CIO was hampered in coordinating and centralizing by several factors. Given the pervasive belief that ‘everything central was evil’, there was considerable resistance to reporting to a single CIO and developing a shared services IT organization. In 2001, the CIO role was thus limited to that of ‘individual contributor CIO. In this environment, the transition to a standardized IT infrastructure and an integrated IT organization was not smooth. The business case for every integration initiative had to be made on a case-by-case basis.

Marriage is a private affair; Sequel Essay

As Oekeke awoke, he shifted in his bed with a pain coming from his chest. It wasn’t a pain that made you clench up and scream, he knew from that moment something was very wrong. He tried to open his at last, from when he awoke his eyes were still weary but it seemed as though he was stuck in time. His heart pumped faster and his mind was propelling from left to right to across the back and back. All he could think of was his family, but with such confusion he could hardly focus on the realty of his situation. It was a sensation he’d never felt ever before, and as he saw his life flash by him he knew the only thing he could do was to wait it out. The old man finally grasped control of his life covered in sweat and disorientation. He asked himself if it could have been a near death experience or just a really vivid and messed up dream that only comes around every couple of years. He knew one thing for sure and that was to get to his sons house right away and end the path of negativity. His body was weak but his mind was made up and with that he left all that had just happened behind and left. Just as Okeke rushed to his vehicle, the rain started to pour down as if it were trying to stop him. In the back of his mind he was still left with questions that would once in a while come up. It was too late now as his mind was set on seeing his family. The dark, gloomy sky filled his pain with even more remorse. He couldn’t tell where it was coming from exactly, it wasn’t leaving anytime now. The storm brewed as Okeke drove without any intent of stopping and slow his speed. A sudden sharp pain hit his heart like thunder to ground. His face grew weary and tense and the ever growing pain made the man’s vision sluggish like the fog. He was broken, still his left hand on the wheel. A sudden faint object leapt over the front of his hood, nearly colliding with the car, startling Okeke to gain control and pass his pain for the time being. As the hours passed he finally arrived to Nene’s and Nnaemako’s, crawling out and nearly breaking into their house. Nene helped him in, while in tears Okeke explained his sorrow and experience he had and while all this was happening his pain slowly started to fade away. Okeke finished by saying that everything will be alright and even if they do have their different mind and culture, there will always be a way to solve the issue through choice and absolute strength. The man, finally relaxed in his sons arms, slowly slept back into his nightmare. His son, wife and kid all shared a final breath with him. Okeke slowly lifted his right fingers to his  left ring finger and took his ring and opening his son’s pam and placing it in. Their eyes filled with tears and they were all at peace now a real family. A faint vision appeared flashing in quickly and Okeke was left in a bed which seemed to be in a hospital, from what he could tell. There was mirror hanging on the wall to his right and he looked at it and jumped out of bed seeing how old he looked. He started screaming and ran out but two nurses stopped him and brought him back to his bed. With the confusion and everything he was lead to believe, the nurses told him that he has Alzheimer’s and that once every couple of years he remember everything for a while. This was the first time in 10 years that it’s happened, he was short of breath and asked them what his visions and dreams were all about. They told him that his body is trying to fight the disease. He asked if he had kids and that part was true and they just finished visiting him a few hours ago. They told him that it seemed like a very deep and emotional moment they spent with him and it was like the world was at peace. Okeke laid back in his bed and told them that, that was enough and he said he was ready to go. He knew he was ready and that moment made him re-evaluate everything, like he’d encountered it before, but he was having a hard time remembering it.

Bush V. Gore

Josh Hanlon January 11th, 2013 CLN4U-01 Mr. Currie Law Research Essay Bush vs. Gore: Why The Votes Should Have Been Counted Bush vs. Gore was described as a controversial election to say the least. The votes in several Florida counties were put up into question as to whether they should be counted or not. In a Democratic Election all legal votes must be counted. The main arguments around this issue were Article 2, Section 1 of the Constitution, the interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause and confusion around voting deadlines during the Recount. This process was exacerbated by the lack of impartial justices and secretary of state.The initial argument surrounding this issue is Article 2, Section 1 of the Constitution. Article 2, Section 1 of the Constitution states, â€Å"In presidential elections, each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, the electors to which the State is entitled. † That being said 3 justices, Rehnquist, Scalia, and Thomas all argued that Florida violated this; there argument placed a lot of emphasis on the word â€Å"legislature†. Meaning to say that there is a difference between the State, who is empowered to appoint its own electors and that own State’s legislature.Furthermore, this Article of the Constitution is completely out of the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction in the circumstances. The Supreme Court should have nothing to do with matters of state law in between the State and their own Legislature. Also, the Florida Supreme Court held that â€Å"a legal vote may include any ballot from which it is reasonably possible to determine the clear intent of the voter, whether or not the ‘chad’ had been completely punched through, which is consistent with the law of the clear majority of the States†.Chief Justice Rehnquist in his opinion argued that this interpretation was so ridiculous and not mirrored with Florida legislation, that it violated Article 2. He claimed that because most counties use punch cards that tell you to clearly punch your ballot no reasonable person could count a vote that wasn’t clearly punched all the way through. (Geoffrey R. Stone, Equal Protection? )The Florida Election Code states that â€Å"no vote shall be declared invalid if there is a clear indication of the intent of the voter†, also a 60 year old Florida Law precedent states that â€Å"must give statutes relating to elections a construction in favor of the citizen’s right to vote, and the intention of the voters should prevail when counting ballots† (Constitution of the State of Florida, As Revised in 1968) After hearing this, the other 6 Justices concluded that the Florida Supreme Court decision was in long established precedent and said it didn’t even raise a question under Article 2 of the Constitution.In simpler terms, stating that all of those votes were legal and that the standards set were sufficient to deter mine which votes should and should not be counted. Onto the Equal Protection Clause, the Supreme Court basically contradicts themselves on this matter. After stating the voting standards set by the Florida Supreme Court didn’t violate Article 2, they continued on to state that it violates the Equal Protection clause because â€Å"the standards for accepting or rejecting contested ballots might vary not only from county to county but even within a single county† (Geoffrey R.Stone, Equal Protection? ). What is startling is that the Florida Constitution states, â€Å"The intention of the voters should prevail when counting ballots† meaning that if there is any intention the vote should be counted, and if this wasn’t precise enough for the Supreme Court why did they vote to uphold it on the Article 2, Section 1 vote? If the Supreme Court required a uniform standard for counting and recounting votes in Florida, why does it not need a uniform standard for votin g?Is the fact that punch card voting has a sufficiently higher chance of having your vote not counted compared to computer voting where there is a bare minimum chance of your votes not being counted violating the Equal Protection Clause as well? Or is it the fact that punch card counties are more commonly in low income counties, who tend to vote Republican (Al Gore)? All of these things ould be seen as discriminatory or â€Å"not equal† as well as the non-uniform standard for counting, but if the Supreme Court has decided that the recount standard is in violation then in thought the whole Election should be rendered â€Å"Unconstitutional† and put to an end, correct? To continue, no it should not be put to an end. The Supreme Court should have ordered a stay on the Recount until a uniform standard was put in place for all of the Florida Counties and they should have ordered that every state have a uniform standard for Recounts for future elections.The Supreme Court mad e a Pragmatic but Unlawful decision in voting for the violation of the Equal Protection Clause which led to the stoppage of the 2000 Florida Recount. (Bo Li, Perspectives, Vol. 2, No. 3). This goes without mentioning the fact that Bush’s state of Texas had a uniform voting standard which allowed anything to be counted in the scenario of a recount including a dimpled chad. This means that Governor Bush signed in a bill that let any vote with slight intent be counted in the process of a Recount, yet is arguing that intent of a voter is an unconstitutional argument.This is hypocritical and shows a lack of character, if Bush truly believes in the Constitution he should be letting all the legal votes be counted to see if he actually won the Presidency of the United States. If Bush truly cared about the simple uniform standards for Recounting, he should have ordered for a stay until uniform standards were set in place. Instead he argued the entire Recount unconstitutional and the 5 -4 majority (5 Republican Judges-4 Democratic Judges) decided that there was no reason to Recount possibly legal votes when it had a chance of harming Bush’s chance to become Prime Minister.Legal analysts from all over the Country explained it as the Justices trying to make a pragmatic decision by putting an end to this controversy, turns out it backfired on them. (Geoffrey R. Stone, Equal Protection? ) The third point to be explained in this case is the ongoing controversy over voting deadlines and how the ever so bright Secretary of State in Florida Katherine Harris’ thoughts were constantly being controlled by Bush advisors. Katherine Harris (and Friends) made it very clear that they would ot be accepting votes after a certain deadline, which left no time for the original recount. All these votes had to be stamped and signed to be considered legal votes. This left the Democratic Party frantically trying to recount votes and get them stamped and in on time. When she ruled that if votes were not stamped and signed they could not be accepted, the Democratic Party argued that tons of Military votes could not be counted because they were very rarely stamped and signed. In the US there is no voting law that states Military Votes can be accepted with no signature or stamp.This obviously led to an uproar from Republicans (Who most military votes get casted for) because it was just unethical for the Democrats to take away illegal votes for the Republicans. What the Republicans fail to realize is that taking away Florida citizens legal votes because you are scared of losing is also unethical. The Democrats later changed their minds and told the Secretary to reconsider the Military votes and give them special consideration. (Joseph I. Lieberman, Military Ballots Merit a Review)There are a few other factors I would like to add to perspective before closing my argument, in Florida the Republican swayed Secretary of State Katherine Harris put 20 Thousand pe ople on the Voter Purge list. A Large group of these people had never done anything wrong, in particular an African-American Pastor could not vote because his name was similar to that of a hardened criminal in Florida (HBO Documentary, Recount). The most interesting fact of all was that the 3 Judges who voted for Bush in both instances (Rehnquist, Scalia, Thomas) were all considered Republican judges.In the last 30 years at the Supreme Court the 19 Cases involving the Equal Protection Clause concerning laws against race, elderly, and other minorities they voted a perfect 19 for 19 to uphold the Equal Protection Clause. Yet, the one case involving Politics and the party they are associated with they for some strange reason voted against it with very little reasoning. (Geoffrey R. Stone, Equal Protection? ) If that’s not Politics in Black Robes, what is. In Conclusion, Legal votes in Florida were not counted when they should have een. The various ideas such as the proper vote i n Article 2, Section 1, the contradiction and unlawful voting on the Equal Protection Clause and the confusing deadlines regarding votes were all examples of how things can be exacerbated by impartial Judges and Secretary of States. The votes in Florida should have been recounted after a uniform standard was put in place similar to the one in Texas and the real results of the 2000 Election should have been deciphered.All else aside, the whole United States should have a uniform voting, counting and recounting standard to eliminate all this confusion in the future. Bibliography http://www. leg. state. fl. us/statutes/index. cfm? mode=constitution&submenu=3 http://www. nytimes. com/2000/11/20/us/counting-vote-absentee-ballots-military-ballots-merit-review-lieberman-says. html? pagewanted=all&src=pm http://fathom. lib. uchicago. edu/1/777777122240/ http://www. oycf. org/Perspectives2/9_123100/bush_v1. htm HBO Documentary, Recount

Psychology Lession3 and Part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychology Lession3 and Part 2 - Essay Example In the former, the response is a reflex, whereas in the latter, the response is nothing but a neutral piece of behaviour which has occurred previously. In operant conditioning, the event between the response and the reinforcement is unforeseen, whereas in classical conditioning, there is no such event. No environmental consequences are seen with classical conditioning unlike in operant conditioning. Also, the response in classical conditioning is involuntary and that in operant conditioning is voluntary. Example of classical conditioning: A cologne may result in intense emotion, but this is not due to the smell of the cologne but because the smell was previously associated with that particular emotion. 1. Recall: In this type of memory retrieval the information will be accessed without being cued with any memory part. A good example of this type of memory retrieval is answering fill-up-the-blank questions. 2. Recollection: In this memory retrieval reconstruction of memory occurs with the utilization of certain logical structures, partial memories and narratives. A good example of recollection type of memory retrieval is answering an essay question in exam. 3. Recognition: Identification of information after re-experiencing is known as recognition. A good example of this type of retrieval is answering a multiple choice question where you recognize the answer after seeing it in one of the choices. 4. Relearning: In this type, the information which is already learnt is relearnt, thus making it easier to remember the information and retrieve it more easily. This type of memory retrieval strengthens the memory. Disruption of memory retrieval can be explained by decay theory. According to this theory, traces of memory begin to fade and gradually disappear over a period of time. Hence if information is not retrieved and rehearsed at regular intervals it can get

A Mexican Viewpoint on The War with the United States Assignment

A Mexican Viewpoint on The War with the United States - Assignment Example First, the Mexican internal state of affairs in the 1840s could have not made it easy for her to show aggression against the US. During this period, Mexico had diverse internal challenges majorly caused by dictatorial rulers. To begin with was Santa Anna dictatorship between 1841 t0 1843. This was followed by the shaky and oppressive rule of the Centralist Republic in 1945 and later culminated by the dictatorial rule of Mariano Paredes which lasted for eight months. The stormy political state of affairs from 1841 to 1847 which was marked by the rule of six presidents who came to power either through military uprising or populists approach tended to drain the strength of Mexico. This could have not left some strength for Mexico to invade US. It is in 1847 that Mexico saw the light of the day as far as political stability is concerned. As can be seen from this evidence, the US was therefore a serious bother to Mexico who already had its internal challenges to deal with. The invasion of Mexico by the US therefore caused a backlog of challenges to Mexico. Secondly, the separation of Texas from Mexico’s territory to the United States territory became a propaganda that was used by the enemies to pin down Mexico. As Valasco explains, the idea of Texas separation and the intention to reclaim it back to Mexico became a tool to tear or justify, revive or enhance the important figures or political parties or revolutionary movement. This even worsened even skyrocketed the instability that was already being experienced in Mexico. In order to avoid the looming war, Mexico suggested an idea of peaceful negotiation with the US to ensure that Texas remained within their territory and that no war took place. This idea was easily thwarted leaving Mexico with nothing to cling onto but to face the US head on in the war. Third, the

Critical review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Critical review - Essay Example Moreover, the changing of the traditional balance sheet by conceptual frameworks from a legal to an economic institution required that both assets and liabilities are economically viable, which could only be guaranteed by fair practices in accounting. Finally, fair value became integral in the development and transformation of professional and regulatory identity for those that are involved in the setting of standards. Power therefore stresses that for fair values in accounting to be successful, there is need to understand such parameters such as measurement, reliability, financial economics, accounting policy and the different financial instruments. Power addresses the reasons as to why there was need to change into fair practices in accounting and its significance arguing that it did not just come up because of forensic analysis of the developments in the financial market. The reason for the transformation to fair practices is due to the contest between fundamentally different accounting concepts in terms of reliability majorly based on market-based and marketing simulation that competes with the traditional transaction-based model. He draws summaries on fair value and the distinctive notion of accounting and therefore reliability as articulated before the financial crisis of 2007 emerged. Power further deals with the rise of financial economics as a challenge and an important cultural resource for financial accounting stating that the preconditions for fair value can only be achieved through open-minded delivery of decision significance for accounting that must take into consideration the market dynamics. To him, the problem in accounting practice for derivatives many a times pose a great challenge on the credibility of accounting, but may at times work in catalysing the appreciation of the importance of fair value and reliability as required of accounting. Power also states that the de-legalization of the traditional